Early Smelting In Utah
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Early Smelters
(A list of smelters and mills in Utah Territory in 1873)
Not In Utah
Although many early miners sought after gold and silver to become rich quickly, it was the need for large quantities of lead that fueled many successful mines, including those in Utah Territory. After the easy gold was taken by placer mines, the ore became more complex and was a combination of lead, silver and to some degree, gold, in what is known as galena ore. Many smelters and reduction works were organized with varying amounts of success, to process the galena ore, and to smelt the resulting bullion to the three major metals, lead, silver and gold.
The arrival of the railroad in Salt Lake City in January 1870 allowed many mines in the area to begin operations due to low-cost transportation. In January 1871 representatives of the Omaha Smelting company visited Salt Lake City and convinced many mine owners to ship their ore to Omaha instead of New Jersey or California, taking advantage of the direct rail connection between Salt Lake City and Omaha.
The New Jersey location was the smelting works of the Newark Smelting and Refining company (later Balbach Smelting and Refining) at Newark, opened in 1865 by Edward Balbach, Sr. With Balbach's death in 1889, his son Edward Balbach, Jr., reorganized the Newark company as the Balbach Smelting and Refining Co. Edward Balbach, Jr. died in 1910.
The California location was the lead smelter of Thomas Selby & Co., located in San Francisco from 1865 until 1884.
The reduction and smelting works in Omaha was the plant of the Omaha Smelting Company.
First Ore Shipment
The mines in Utah Territory shipped their first ore by railroad in July 1869, just after the completion of Union Pacific's portion of the transcontinental railroad. The first ore was shipped from Uintah station, at the mouth of Weber Canyon, the site closest to Salt Lake City at the time. The shipping point was moved to Salt Lake City with the completion of the Utah Central railroad in 1870.
(Read more about the first ore shipments)
Utah's First Smelters
Some of the early newspaper articles about the early smelting processes mention what was known as "rude reduction," which is a general term to describe the initial reduction of ore, meaning the initial separation of the ore from the surrounding native rock, after the ore had been removed from the ore vein. Rude reduction methods included crushing and washing, as well as using a simple furnace to heat the ore and rock, driving off the sulphur, arsenic and antimony that fouled the metallic ore and prevented successful smelting later on. Every ore was different, and every mine was different, so rude reduction was also different at every mine, including ore from within the same mine. The successful mines figured out various rude reduction methods that could be used economically for all of the ore removed from their claims.
September 10, 1870
"Messrs. Woodhull Bros. state they have now hauled from their smelting works 20,000 lbs. bullion, which they purpose to ship to San Francisco, on Tuesday next. Anybody curious to see what has been done at the works of Woodhull Brothers since their erection, can be gratified with the sight by stepping down to the Elephant Store." (Salt Lake Weekly Tribune, September 10, 1870)
(This was reported as being the first export of bullion from Utah. - Ogden Junction, September 14, 1870)
(An editorial in the Salt Lake Weekly Tribune of November 19, 1870 lamented the lack of mills and smelters in Utah, saying that the machinery could be had from San Francisco for the cost of a 10-stamp mill being $8,000 with a delivery of six weeks after order. The resulting reduced ore was 85 percent of assay value. Rather than being a call to monied men to bring their capital to Utah, the editorial was a call to local interests to form cooperatives, to buy an $8,000 ten-stamp mill, to prove the Territory's worth so that outside capital might follow the lead of local interests.)
(With ore being shipped West to San Francisco, or East to Omaha, Newark, and even Swansea in Great Britain, only the most high grade ore was being mined. Many believed that local milling and smelting technology was inadequate, and much silver and gold would be left in the rock, thus making the cost of shipping raw ore a more reliable method. It was an open discussion that continued as mills and smelters began to built on a regular basis in the Territory.)
April 26, 1871
From the Salt Lake Tribune, April 26, 1871
The mining interests of Utah are beginning to assume a new phase. Capital is flowing in rapidly for investment not only in the mines, but in furnaces and crushing mills with which to treat the ores. We hear of large amounts of money on their way from the financial centres of the East, for investment particularly in smelting works. This is the proper way to advance the interests of the mineral regions. There is a vast quantity of ore that will not pay to transport to distant points to be smelted and to be utilized it must be treated near the mines and by a cheap process.
By the aid of such system the miners can obtain handsome returns for their labor, while the capitalists are making their percentage. Utah can never be fully developed until hundreds of furnaces are erected in the various mining regions of the Territory. It will never advance much if we have to ship our ores to Newark or Swansea, Wales, for treatment. Only such ores as are produced by the Emma and a few other extraordinarily rich mines can pay the cost of transportation and leave a handsome balance in the hands of their owners. We are therefore glad to hear of the growth of the smelting interests of the Territory.
What is a Tuyere?
In the context of early lead and silver smelting in the 1870s, especially during the massive boom in Utah's Salt Lake Valley (like the Winnamuck, Flagstaff, Morgan or Waterman smelters), the "tuyere" was one of the most critical pieces of hardware on the blast furnace.
Pronounced "tweer", a tuyere is the nozzle or pipe through which a forced blast of air (air blast) is injected directly into the combustion zone of a blast furnace.
(Some early newspaper references used the term "tuyeredes, " which was an often misused version of "tuyeres" (the plural of "tuyere"), specifically where the typographic typeset letters of "de" or an old-style "s" got tangled up in printing, or where a French plural/derivative text was poorly used (such as 'tuyère des,' meaning "tuyere of the...").
Western lead-silver smelting in the early 1870s was a brutal trial-and-error process. Smelters initially relied on crude, small circular or hexagonal furnaces built of sandstone or adobe bricks.
The intense heat required to smelt silver-bearing lead ores, combined with the highly corrosive nature of molten lead oxide, would eat through the brick linings around the tuyeres in just a few days, destroying the furnace.
The solution derived in the 1871-1872 period to keep the furnace walls from melting, metallurgists (most notably Albert Arents and Ellsworth Daggett at Bingham Canyon's Winnamuck mine) introduced "water jackets" or hollow iron plates filled with circulating cold water right at the tuyere line.
The tuyeres passed directly through these water jackets into the heart of the furnace. This allowed the blast of air to properly react with the charcoal or Connellsville coke, generating the carbon monoxide needed to reduce the lead-silver ore without destroying the structural integrity of the furnace itself.
Why Blast Furnaces
In the early 1870s, the rapid shift away from older, simpler furnace designs to the blast furnace was driven by necessity. Without the blast furnace, smelting the complex ores coming out of the early Western mines, such as those in Bingham Canyon and Little Cottonwood Canyon, and the more distant Rush Valley (Stockton) smelters, was a financial and chemical impossibility.
Before the Western mining boom of the 1870s, most lead was smelted using either open hearths or reverberatory furnaces, which used heat from a separate firebox to melt the ore. However, these older methods had a fatal limitation: they required incredibly pure ore. The early mines in Utah did not produce "pure" ore.
Reverberatory smelting only worked if the ore was at least 58 percent pure lead and contained less than 4 to 5 percent silica (quartz/sand). If high-silica ore was put into a reverberatory furnace, the silica would instantly bind with the lead oxide to create lead silicate. Lead silicate is incredibly difficult to reduce; it would fuse into a sticky, unmanageable mass, trapping both the lead and the precious silver inside a thick, metal-rich slag. (This silver-rich slag was why in later years as smelting processes improved, it became common to re-process the early slag dumps.)
The blast furnace solved this lead silicate problem through forced reduction. When ore, fuel, flux were mixed directly together and blasted with compressed air via the tuyeres, it generated the intense, concentrated chemical environment required to forcefully break apart those stubborn silicates.
A blast furnace and the higher heat generated, is a countercurrent chemical reactor. By burning charcoal or Connellsville coke directly against the ore under a forced air blast, the production of carbon monoxide was maximized. As the hot carbon monoxide gas rises through the downward-settling stack of ore, it aggressively strips the oxygen away from the lead oxides.
The newly freed, molten metallic lead then acted as a liquid sponge. As it trickled down through the stack of ore, flux and charcoal inside the furnace, it dissolved and collected every molecule of silver and gold it touched, pooling into a rich alloy (lead bullion) at the bottom of the crucible, ready to be tapped.
Western ores were notorious for being "rebellious" — meaning they were heavily contaminated with zinc, iron, antimony, and arsenic. In a blast furnace, metallurgists could precisely engineer a chemical recipe by adding fluxes (like limestone or iron ore) directly into the charge. At the extreme temperatures of the blast furnace, these fluxes bound with the waste rock (the gangue) to form a highly fluid, liquid slag. Because the slag was completely liquefied, it allowed the heavy silver-bearing lead bullion to cleanly separate and sink to the absolute bottom of the stack, while the lighter waste slag floated to the top to be skimmed off.
(In a geological or metallurgical context, "gangue" is pronounced exactly like the word "gang," rhyming with bang, hang, or rang.)
Ultimately, the blast furnace transformed smelting from an unpredictable, small-scale craft into a continuous, high-tonnage industrial process. It was the only technology capable of cleanly separating silver from the complex geology of the Western mines.
Early Salt Lake Valley Smelters
Woodhull Brothers
(The Woodhull Brothers' smelter was built in 1870 and was located at about 4200 South, west of the State Road and east of the Union Pacific tracks, on the south side of Big Cottonwood Creek.)
(The site of the Woodhull smelter was where the Morgan smelter was built in 1876, and the later Hanauer smelter in 1883.)
(Read more about the Woodhull Brothers, among the other Utah Mining Men.)
(Read more about the Woodhull smelter, as part of the Morgan and Hanauer smelter story)
Buel & Bateman
(At the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon)
March 16, 1871
The Chicago Tribune of March 16, 1871 reported that the smelter at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon was, "Bateman & Co., at the mouth of Little Cottonwood, two furnaces;"
The entire report: "Of rough blast furnaces, lined with material found on the ground, easily repaired, capable of running out from five to fifteen tons of lead per diem, there are already several in operation, or would be but for the scarcity of charcoal—those of Scofield & Co., at East Canyon; Buel & Bateman, of Bingham Canyon; Bateman & Co., at the mouth of Little Cottonwood, two furnaces; Whitney & McDonald, at the crossing of Little Cottonwood by the State Road; Badger State, near the latter; and Jennings & Co., in this city. Robbins & Co., at the mouth of Little Cottonwood, have put up more elaborate works, costing $50,000 or $60,000—a reverberatory calcining and smelting furnace, and works for separating the matte or lead riches."
July 14, 1871
"Buel's Furnace, - At the mouth of Little Cottonwood canyon is making a fine run, turning out about nine tons of bullion day. This furnace is of a German pattern, known as the Pilz furnace. The design is very simple and the fireplaces easily and quickly repaired, when burnt out. The works, I am informed by a gentleman who has run them for some considerable time, are capable of turning out five tons of bullion per day, which would make a heavy run on the ore of this canyon." (Salt Lake Tribune, July 14, 1871)
(In later years, after early 1872, this was the Flagstaff smelter, located on the north side of the creek.)
(The Davenport smelter was also at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon, on the south side of the creek.)
Jones & Pardee (Jones Smelter)
(At Tanners Flat, about six miles up Little Cottonwood Canyon)
Location Error: "The Jones smelter was built at the mouth of the canon in 1871 or 1872, and ran on custom ores for two years." (D. B. Huntley, Mining Industries of Utah, Appendix I, Reports of the Tenth Census, 1880, page 422 to 427)
Halfway up the canyon, at Tanners Flat, were the works of Jones & Pardee, a one-shaft furnace that was started in March 1871 and operated for two years. ("Half way up the canyon I passed the works of Jones & Pardee, one-shaft furnace, half strangled with a salamander, but smelting bravely and persistently on to the last gasp." - Raymond, R. W., Statistics of mines and mining in the states and Territories west of the Rock Mountains for 1871, p. 321, 1872.) (USGS Professional Paper 201, Geology And Ore Deposits Of The Cottonwood-American Fork Area, Utah, 1943, page 73)
April 16, 1871
"We learn that the Jones & Pardee Smelting Co.'s works in Little Cottonwood are ready for starting and now waiting only for coal. They will probably commence in about ten days." (Salt Lake Tribune, April 16, 1871)
May 7, 1871
"Jones & Pardee's furnace will start up in a few days." (Corinne Daily Journal, May 7, 1871)
June 21, 1871
"Pardee & Jones' Smelting Works, in Little Cottonwood, after a run of five days, has given very satisfactory results. The ore worked was first and second class, from the Emma, and the bullion is of very fine quality, said to be ahead of any yet produced in this region. The second furnace is being pushed ahead, and is expected to be working in a couple of weeks. These are double-front furnaces, the same as at Tintic and American Fork, all having been constructed from the same pattern." (Corinne Daily Journal, June 21, 1871)
July 14, 1871
"Jones And Pardee's Works, - Six miles up the canyon, commenced running on Monday last, and are doing a lively business. The proprietors obtain their coal from a grove of quaking-ash and spruce pine a couple of miles above their works, in the canyon. A number of pits are now being burned, and I think there is no difficulty in supplying the two furnaces now in operation in the canyon with charcoal from this body of timber, at least during the Summer season. Messrs Jones & Pardee commenced on Tuesday to enlarge their works, and expect to keep pace in their enterprise with the development of the mines surrounding them." (Salt Lake Tribune, July 14, 1871)
August 3, 1871
"Aug. 9th. Ground was broken on Thursday last [August 3rd], at the mouth of Silver Fork, Big Cottonwood Canyon, for a new smelting furnace which is to be erected there on the Gerrish Patent. The Chicago Mining Bureau is the chief proprietor, and Col. Weightman is the superintendent. This will be the first furnace erected in Big Cottonwood Canyon, and it is expected that by the first week in September the proprietors will be prepared to ship bullion. Mr. Gerrish himself after whose patent the furnace is to be built, is at work with a large force of hands superintending the work." (Our Pioneer Heritage, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Volume 15, 1972, page 56)
September 18, 1871
Ore from the Flagstaff mine was being transported down the hill by that company's "tramways, forty tons per day. The ore is of high grade, and has been reduced, thus far, partly at the Pardee smelter and partly at Buel & Bateman's smelter at the foot of the canyon - the latter works for the last two weeks, having turned out, of the ore from this mine, of bullion at the rate of eight or nine tons per day." (Salt Lake Daily Review, September 18, 1871)
(Research suggests that the Buel & Bateman smelter became the Flagstaff smelter in late 1871; possibly on January 1, 1872.)
Other Locations
December 2, 1871
"Dec. 2nd. Messrs. W. Jennings & Co. have lately been experimenting in the smelting business, and for that purpose have erected in the Fifteenth Ward, temporary smelting works, and, so far, their efforts have been crowned with gratifying success. Their first attempt was made with a quantity of ore from the "Hidden Treasure" mine in East Canyon, owned by Messrs. Jennings & Lee, and the result was, some excellent pigs, composed of clear lead and silver, were cast." (Our Pioneer Heritage, Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Volume 15, 1972, page 60)
(The Fifteenth Ward was located between South Temple and Third South streets, and from Second West Street west to the Jordan River.)
From an 1872 report about silver mines at Bingham.
In Bingham canyon, Utah, Salt Lake county, a fine lode was traced 1,200 feet along. The iron pyrites has been very troublesome. The Last Chance country is of decomposed granite, with porphyry, and the lode is of argentiferous galena, with grey and yellow carbonates containing gold in oxide of iron. An average assay is recorded of forty-seven per cent lead, yielding 130 dollars silver and twenty-four dollars gold. The cost of mining is affected by deficiency of wood and water. The lead is considerable, selling generally at 120 dollars a ton. Much Bingham ore has been reduced to about one-third of its bulk by a rude process, and then forwarded to Omaha by rail for further reduction. About two tons and a half of rough ore make a ton of bullion ore, which costs about 120 dollars, but yields a fair profit. The Flagstaff of Utah [in Little Cottonwood] has been productive.
In 1873 there were within 12 miles of Salt Lake City 11 furnaces for reduction of ores, and in the state of Utah there were over 30 such furnaces, all of which had developed since the arrival of Union Pacific in 1869. (History of the Union Pacific, Nelson Trottman, 1923, page 99)
An 1873 report for the 42nd Congress, being the fifth annual report, "Statistics of Mines and Mining In the States and territories West of the Rock Mountains" included the following:
- During 1872...
- Flagstaff Works -- 3,000 tons "base bullion" which was a combination of lead, silver and gold
- Miller Works -- 1,536 tons
- Winnemuck Works -- 1,232 tons
- Saturn Works -- 1,207 tons
- Utah Works -- 650 tons
- Wahsatch Works -- 150 tons
The following comes from Orson Whitney's "History of Utah," published in 1883, page 274:
In the summer of 1870 smelters began to be built in Salt Lake Valley, the first one completed being that of the Woodhull Brothers, on Big Cottonwood Creek, eight miles south of this city. From these works were shipped the first bullion produced from the Utah mines. It was smelted from the ores of Little Cottonwood, notably those of the Monitor and Magnet mines. The Badger State Smelting Works, also south of the city, were begun in August, 1870, and produced their first bullion in March of the year following. Then came the Jennings and Pascoe smelter, just north of the Warm Springs, Colonel D. E. Buel's furnace at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon, the smelting works of Buel and Bateman in Bingham Canyon, and many others in various places. Among the best of these were those of Colonel Buel, in Little Cottonwood. In East Canyon, in the Ophir District, was erected in May and June, 1871, the pioneer crushing and amalgamating mill. It had fifteen stamps, and was built by the Walker Brothers for working the silver ores of that vicinity. From the summer of 1869 to the fall of 1871, ten thousand tons of silver and gold ores, valued at $2,500,000; four thousand, five hundred tons of gold and silver bullion, worth $1,237,000; and two hundred and thirty-one tons of copper ore, valued at $6,000, were shipped from the Territory. Silver bars, obtained by milling the silver ores, produced $120,000. During the same period the annual product of gold from Bingham Canyon was increased by means of superior sluicing methods from $150,000 to $250,000.
October 16, 1873
"At the Flagstaff and Last Chance smelters are an accumulation of 350 tons of base bullion; at the Chicago smelter, 80 tons; at the American Smelting Company's works, 50; at Carson & Buzzo's running smelters, 60; at the Sheridan
Hill Smelting Co's works, 40; at the Mountain Chief, 50; at the Saturn, 30; at the Wasatch,
50; and at the Davenport, about 40. On an
average value of $200 a ton, this represents
$149,000! There are also some twenty tons
of crude copper, from the Mammoth Copperopolls smelter, worth say $400 per ton; and
then comes the product of the Germania separating and refining works, which turns out
the pure gold, silver, copper and lead from
the base bullion." (Helena Weekly Herald, October 16, 1873)
January 1, 1877
"The bullion shipped from the territory according to the tonnage report of the Utah Central railroad for the year 1876, amounts to 20,030 tons, while our reports from the smelters show as follows." (Salt Lake Tribune, January 1, 1877)
| Chicago (Stockton) | 2,517 tons |
| Galena (West Jordan) | 2,350 tons |
| Waterman (Stockton) | 2,100 tons |
| Flagstaff (Sandy) | 2,000 tons |
| Davenport (Sandy) | 2,000 tons |
| Germania (Murray) | 1,700 tons |
| Longmaid (Stockton) | 1,700 tons |
| Sheridan Hill (West Jordan) | 1,700 tons |
| Saturn (Sandy) | 1,600 tons |
| Pascoe (Warm Springs) | 1,200 tons |
| Morgan (Murray) | 300 tons |
| Wasatch (Murray) | 100 tons |
| Total | 20,017 tons |
During mid 1877, the larger mines and smelter of Utah were idle due to the low price of metals on the metal markets in the east. Mine and smelter owners met with officials of Union Pacific, asking for a reduction in freight rates, to help mines better compete on the national markets. The mines had already removed their high-grade ore, and the low price of metals, together with high freight rates, were making it difficult for Utah mines and smelters to pay their expenses in mining the low-grade ores that remained. These major mines (a total of eight) included: Jordan, Neptune and Kempton, Saturn, Utah, Winnamuck, Spanish, and Davenport. The idle smelters (a total of nine smelters, with 24 stacks) included: Jordan (3 stacks); Sheridan Hill (4); Saturn (2); Davenport (2); and Winnamuck (3). (The New North-West [Deer Lodge, Montana], June 29, 1877, citing Salt Lake Tribune, June 21, 1877)
January 5, 1878
"The smelters of the Territory comprise the following companies: Paseoe's, two stacks. running; B. W. Morgan's, one stack, running; Wasatch, two stacks. running; Shumer, one stack, idle; Germania, three stacks, running; Gorden, six stacks, running: Sheridan Hill, two stacks, idle; Winnamuck, two stacks, idle; Flagstaff, four stacks, idle; Sandy, three stacks, idle; Mingo, four stacks, running; American, three stacks, idle; Sultana, three stacks, idle; J. D. Williams, one stack, idle; Frisco, one stack, idle; Queen, one stack, running; Chicago, three stacks, idle; Waterman, one stack, running. Most of these smelters, in addition to their blast-furnaces, have reverberating or roasting furnaces, and there are five concentration works." (The Inter-Ocean [Chicago], January 5, 1878)
1879
The large amounts of lead coming from the Horn Silver mine during the late 1879 time period shown above give a good indication of Union Pacific's motivation to complete construction of its Utah Southern Extension Railroad between the end of the Utah Southern at Juab, and Frisco. After UP gained control of Utah Southern in mid 1875, its terminus remained at York until early 1879. It was the developing Horn Silver mine, which UP's officers also had an interest in, that was the motivation for rapid completion of railroad service to Frisco. Work resumed March 1879 and reached Frisco on June 23, 1880. Until that time, and throughout 1879 and early 1880, the stream of wagons between Frisco and the smelter in Murray (235 miles) must have been quite a sight to see. It would have to have been a stream of wagons, given the above mentioned production figures for finished unrefined lead.
January 17, 1880
In addition to the early smelters, there were independent sampling works that provided assays of the ore being offered by the mining companies, to the smelting companies.
- The Sandy sampling works had been operating for the past three or four years.
- The Utah Sampling Works at Sandy recently moved to a new location near the railroads at Sandy; the ore being sampled was coming from mines in Nevada and Idaho.
- (Engineering and Mining Journal, January 17, 1880, page 52)
1880
At the beginning of 1880, there were ten lead smelters in Utah, with the following order of production (largest first). (Deseret News, January 7, 1880)
| Horn Silver Mining Company (Frisco and Murray) | 4,850 tons |
| Old Telegraph Company (Midvale) | 3,050 tons |
| Mingo Furnace Company (Sandy) | 1,950 tons |
| Morgan Smelter (Murray) | 1,350 tons |
| Germania Smelting & Refining Works (Murray) | 1,150 tons |
| Chicago Smelter (Stockton) | 850 tons |
| Waterman Smelter (Stockton) | 117.5 tons |
| Marsac Company | 15 tons |
| Pascoe (Warm Springs) | 7 tons |
In the ten year period between 1896 and 1906, there was a general increase in the production of lead, copper, and gold from the Bingham district and it had become the leading copper producing camp in Utah.
"Complying with Court Decree copper smelting was discontinued in Salt Lake Valley December 31, 1907. However, before the closing down of the three going copper smelters in Salt Lake Valley, preparation for their replacement had been made by new and more modern plants, the Garfield Smelter of the American Smelting and Refining Company erected near the south shores of Great Salt Lake and the Tooele plant of the International Smelting and Refining Company erected at the mouth of Pine Canyon overlooking Tooele Valley. The Garfield Smelter started operations in 1906, principally for the reduction of Utah Copper Concentrates but also custom ores. The Tooele Smelter got into operation in 1911, principally for the reduction of Highland Boy ores but also custom ores, and was equipped for the smelting of both copper sulfides and lead-silver ores." (Thomas Parry Billings, "History of the Bingham Mining District", written c.1952)
R. R. Rasmussen, Murray City Recorder wrote a "History of Murray" in May 1936. It was published as a multiple-part series in the weekly Murray Eagle newspaper, starting on July 30, 1936. The following comes from Chapter III, Smelters, published on August 20, 1936:
From a very early date Murray City and surrounding territories have been the center of smelting and refining. The first silver bars shipped out of Utah came from Murray. The first smelter was located on State Street where the Big Cottonwood Creek crossed the road, or at the location now occupied by the Murray Laundry. This smelter was owned by the Woodhull Brothers. The next one, according to Gottlieb Berger (Murray mayor), was one located on the Freeze hill. This smelter had five or six buildings. Mr. Berger lists the Germania Smelter as the next one, then the Wasatch, which was built near 48th South at a point about where Rocky Mountain Packing Corporation is now located. This smelter was built in 1873 or 1874. Then came the Horn Silver, which was located a little west about where the Murray power plant now stands. The Hanauer was built a little farther north, about midway between 48th and 45th South streets. Later, a brick yard was located at this place.
Mr. James W. Cahoon (Murray-area real estate developer) listed the smelter on the American hill as coming before the Woodhull Smelter. He tells us that the one on the American hill came about 1869. He says that at about the same time the Woodhull Smelter was built, there was also one built about halfway between Salt Lake and Murray, one through west side of State street. He says that the Flagstaff Smelter was built about this time at the mouth of Little Cottonwood Canyon on the south side of the creek, and another one was built on the north side. He tells us that the Germania Refinery was built at Murray on the south side of Little Cottonwood Creek in the year 1871, and that the Wasatch Smelter was built the same year on the north side of the creek at the point where the canning factory now stands. The Mingo Smelter, he says, was built at Sandy in 1875, the same year the Flagstaff Smelter was moved from Cottonwood Canyon to Sandy. Mr. Cahoon gives the date of the erection of the Hanauer Smelter as 1872, and the Horn Silver 1879 or 1880. He tells us a small smelter was built at Warm Springs and one at Ophir about the year 1875, and that the Highland Boy was erected in Murray in 1886. Mr. Cahoon took an active part in the negotiations relative to the erection of the American Smelting and Refining Co. in Murray.
Stockton Smelters
There were five smelters (or furnaces) known to be located at Stockton, in Tooele County. All operated between from the early 1870s to the mid 1880s.
- Carson & Buzzo
- Chicago
- Jacobs (Longmaid?)
- Longmaid (Utah Queen?)
- Waterman
In February 1874, the four smelters at Stockton were listed as: the Chicago; the Utah Queen; Lilly, Leisenring & Co.'s former H. S. Jacobs; and the Waterman. (Utah Mining Gazette, February 7, 1874)
These smelters were all served by wagon and team because a railroad was not built through Stockton until 1902-1903. Prior to that the Utah & Nevada was completed to its southern terminus in 1877, about 1.5 miles north, across the Stockton Bar, near where the Bauer mill was located.
The operation of these smelters was intermittent at best. There are numerous newspaper accounts about at least one of them be down for repairs, or not operating due to a lack of ore from the local mines. It appears that occasionally each smelter would operate for 50 to 100 days, but that appears to be the limit. Usually it was for periods of two to three weeks at a time.
The Carson & Buzzo and Chicago smelters were near the site of the 1854 Steptoe military encampment, two miles south of Stockton. Also known as Slagtown.
In April 1883, the Waterman smelter was the only one of the five still in operation. (Salt Lake Herald, April 21, 1883)
By the mid 1880s most of the local mines had been exhausted, and for the mines still in operation, better smelters in the Salt Lake valley were paying better prices, making the added transportation costs less of an issue for the successful mines.
The following comes from the USGS Professional Paper 173, Stockton and Fairfield Quadrangles Ore Deposits, 1932.
The Jacobs smelter, built at Stockton in 1872, consisted of three vertical blast furnaces and used ores from the Fourth of July and Kearsarge mines, near Ophir. The Fourth of July was owned by Lilly, Leisenring & Co., of Philadelphia, who were owners of the Jacobs works. In 1879 the Great Basin concentrator, consisting of jigs, was installed in an extension building covering the Jacobs furnaces, and in 1880 was milling 100 tons of ore a day, producing 20 tons of concentrate. One stack of the Jacobs smelter was in operation at the same time, reducing about 26 tons of ore a day and turning out about 5 tons of bullion assaying 100 ounces of silver per ton.
The Chicago smelter, long ago dismantled, was built on the east shore of Rush Lake near Stockton, in August, 1873. Its last operation was recorded in 1880. Huntley says: "The Chicago smelter is at Slagtown, on the eastern shore of Rush Lake, about 2 miles south of Stockton. It was built in 1873 by the Chicago Silver Mining Co., an English company, which once owned the Chicago and the Queen of the Hills mines, in Dry Canyon. It ran quite steadily until 1877. It was then idle until leased in 1879 to Mr. Brooks, who ran it until the autumn of 1880, when it was shut down."
The Carson & Buzzo smelting works, about half a mile south of the Chicago, erected two vertical blast furnaces in March, 1873, and commenced operations shortly afterwards. The ores used were obtained chiefly from the Utah·Queen mine, owned by the same interests. Later Carson & Buzzo erected extensive reduction works at West Jordan.
The Waterman smelting works were the most important and were operated at a later date (1886) than any in the vicinity. Huntley says: "The first furnace in the territory, an unsuccessful reverberatory, was erected here in 1864 by General Connor and his officers. It was bought in 1871 or 1872 by Mr. I. S. Waterman. This smelter ran quite steadily for several years on Hidden Treasure ore and some custom rock, but not profitably. During the four years ending April 1, 1878, 26,270 tons of ore were smelted and yielded 8,312 tons of base bullion, which sold for $109.64 per ton, or $911,350. During this time 3,300 tons of flue dust were caught, which assayed from 36 to 57 per cent lead and from 13 to 35 ounces silver."
Carson & Buzzo (1873-1880)
Located about two miles south of Stockton, on the east side of the railroad tracks, south of the Chicago smelter. Operated 1873 to 1880.
Carson & Buzzo owned the Utah Queen mine by late 1873. They also owned mines and early smelters at Bingham, and then the Galena smelter at Midvale.
Chicago (1873-1880)
Located about two miles south of Stockton, on the west side of the railroads tracks, north of the Carson & Buzzo smelter. Operated 1873 to 1880.
Built by William S. Godbe in 1871, and operated until about 1880. First mention in online newspapers was in April 1873.
Chicago Silver Mining Co. Ltd., an English company. Full description in Utah Mining Gazette, October 11, 1873.
Daily ore capacity: 70 tons in 1874
During 1886, and due to the inefficient and poor processes of the previous company, the slag dumps on the property were being processed by leasers at a good profit and the resulting concentrates being shipped to Salt Lake valley smelters.
Jacobs (1874-1876)
Located on the northeastern corner of the Stockton city limits, just east of the highway. Operated in the 1870s.
H. S. Jacobs & Company. Later operated by Lilly, Leisenring & Company, in early 1874.
Daily ore capacity: 75 tons in 1874
Produced 210 cars loads (about 6,300 tons) of "base bullion" during 1876.
"There is little or no prospect of the Jacobs' smelter ever again starting up under the management of Messrs, Longmaid & Co." (Salt Lake Tribune, October 5, 1876)
Longmaid (1875-1876)
Located (?) "at Rush Lake" during 1875-1876
"Utah Queen"? Daily ore capacity: 50 tons in 1874
Produced 1,700 tons of "base bullion" during 1876, at a value of about $310,000.
Waterman (1871-1887)
Located on the western edge of Stockton, at the north end of Rush Lake, almost due west of the Jacobs smelter.
Waterman Smelting Works company (also Waterman & Company). Began operating in about October 1871, based on newspaper ads seeking contracts for wood and charcoal.
"The first furnace built at Stockton in 1864, by General Connor, was bought in 1871-72 by I. S. Waterman. On this site the Waterman Company ran quite steadily for several years. During the four years, ending April 1, 1878, 26,270 tons of ore were smelted and yielded 8,312 tons of base bullion which sold for $109.64 per ton or $911,327. During this time, 3,300 tons of flue dust were caught which assayed from 36 to 57 percent lead and from 13 to 35 ounces silver." (United States Smelting, Refining and Mining Company, Ax-I-Dent-Ax, May 1929)
October 20, 1871
"Proposals. - Those interested will find in this issue a call for 50,000 bushels of charcoal and 1,000 cords of wood, wanted by the Waterman Smelting Works Company." (Salt Lake Daily Review, October 20, 1871)
October 31, 1871
"One furnace is in active operation, the Waterman Smelting Works, run by Mr. Henry Simons, and turning out an average four tons of bullion per day." (Salt Lake Daily Review, October 31, 1871)
Owned by Issac S. Waterman. Formerly known as the Old Pioneer Furnace. (Salt Lake Tribune, November 23, 1871)
November 23, 1871
"The three smelting furnaces have been lying idle for months; now they are all to start up for a winter's run. The old Pioneer furnace has been purchased by Mr. Henry Simons for Issac S. Waterman, and will be run under the superintendence of A. L. Brown. This Waterman company own the smelter at Stockton, and the St. Patrick and several other mines in that district, together with the Hidden Treasure, Sevier, Last Chance and several other mines in Ophir, all of which are being vigorously worked, and are producing large quantities of ore." (Salt Lake Tribune, November 23, 1871)
Daily ore capacity: 30 tons in 1874
February 14, 1874
The following comes from the February 14, 1874 issue of the Utah Mining Gazette.
The Treatment Of Ores. - No very great success has been obtained in in the reducing the ores at home, or within the district, but there has been success enough to demonstrate that it can be done successfully and profitably.
The first attempt was made by S. A. Raymond & Co., in the erection of the Pioneer furnace at Ophir. This was built for Schofield, Abby & Co., and was provided with a twenty horse power engine, a Gates crusher, and a No. 7 Sturtevant fan. The boshes were lined with quartz. It was a blast furnace, two Cupolas, with a capacity of about ten tons of ore, or three tons of bullion per day, to each stack. It was completed in March, 1871. The first run of this furnace produced forty tons of bullion, worth $250 per ton. It has since produced about 100 tons. It is now the property of Isaac Waterman, of Philadelphia, and has been idle for sometime. This furnace is forty by eighty feet, with steam power.
March 14, 1874
"The Waterman furnace at the the north end of Stockton Lake, fired up on Wednesday morning at eight o'clock on Hidden Treasure ore. At about three o'clock p.m. their flume condensing apparatus exploded." No workmen were injured. (Utah Mining Gazette, March 14, 1874)
January 21, 1875
"Captain Baily, superintendent of the Waterman smelter, is in the city. We learn from him that the Waterman has shut down for repairs, but will start up again in ten days for a continuous run, and will turn out an immense amount of bullion." "The Waterman has been running most of the time this winter, but is idle at present. They expect to start again soon." (Salt Lake Tribune, January 21, 1875; January 23, 1871)
February 26, 1875
George R. Ayres was shown as manager of the Waterman smelter. (Salt Lake Tribune, February 26, 1875)
October 22, 1875
The following comes from the October 22, 1875 issue of the Salt Lake Tribune.
The Waterman smelter, located on the north shore of Rush Lake, and within a quarter of a mile of Stockton, is well worthy of a visit. This smelter is the property of Issac S. Waterman, a wealthy Philadelphia iron manufacturer, who owns, in connection with it, the famous Hidden Treasure min, in Dry Canyon, distant from the smelter about nine miles, the ores from which employ it to its full capacity. It has two stacks, with a capacity each of twenty six tons per day, is run by a forty-horsepower engine and seventy horse boiler. Th Ayres Kirk process of condensing and saving the fumes - the invention of Mr. Ayres and Mr. Kirk - has been adopted with satisfactory results, both as regards health and pecuniary benefits. [There follows a description of the workings of the smelter.]
The Waterman turns out an average of nine tons of bullion to the stack per day and during the last year's run, produced 1,800 tons. The bullion was formerly shipped to Newark, N.J., but the refinery at St. Louis now purchases it all.
Ten teams are constantly employed in transporting ore from the mine to the smelter, and about the same number carrying bullion to the railroad terminus at Half Way House.
This smelter and the Hidden Treasure mine, is under the general management of Mr. Ayres.
Produced 2,100 tons of "base bullion" during 1876.
"The largest smelter in the Stockton area was the Waterman Smelting Works, which opened in 1871 and operated continuously until 1886."(Oquirrh Mountains Mining and the Environment by Eva J. Hoffman, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Denver, April 21, 2005)
April 4, 1876
George R. Ayres was shown as the superintendent of the Waterman Smelting Works, Stockton. (Utah Evening Mail, April 4, 1876)
(References to the Waterman smelter ended in the early months of 1879, with early reports that year reporting it was running on one stack.)
The Waterman smelter was sold at auction on September 30, 1884, as part of the estate of Issac Waterman upon his death. (Salt Lake Herald, September 17, 1884)
September 21, 1884
"The Waterman. -- One thinks with a sigh and a smile of poor Old Man Ayres, whom his employees used to dub 'The Ancient Mariner,' as he reads the following notice: The Waterman smelter at Stockton, Utah, consisting of two furnaces and all the machinery belonging to the works, including a fifty-horsepower engine, will be sold to the highest bidder at Stockton, on Tuesday, September 30. A store building, dwelling house and lot, situated in Stockton, will also be sold at the same time and place." (Salt Lake Herald, September 21, 1884)
November 11, 1885
"The Old Waterman. - Ayres' Ancient Property to Fire Up Once More. - The old Waterman smelter, near Stockton, made famous in the days of old man Ayres and the Hidden Treasure, is to be started up again by its new owner, Mr. F. J. P. Pascoe, who has been working a force of twenty or thirty men for the past several months, putting everything into readiness. He has also built a concentrating mill near the smelter, and will handle a vast quantity of old tailings left from the palmy days of the ancient Walker mill, in Ophir Canyon. Mr. Pascoe is working one or two properties of his own in the district, and besides the ore from these sources, he will purchase from other mines as well, and hopes before long to send in regular shipments of bullion." (Salt Lake Herald, November 11, 1885)
December 17, 1885
The old Waterman smelter, under the ownership of Frank Pascoe, shipped its first car load of bullion on December 17, 1885. The bars ran near 120 ounces of silver. Operations shut down in the last week of December, after shipping 2-1/2 car loads of bullion. (Salt Lake Herald, December 18, 1885, "yesterday"; January 3, 1886)
During 1886, the property was purchased and the machinery rebuilt and modernized. The slag dumps were being reworked and much success was being had due to the inefficient and poor processes of the previous Waterman company.
May 2, 1887
The smelting furnaces had been removed and replaced by "concentrating machines" which were to be started "today." (Salt Lake Evening Democrat, May 2, 1887)
May 22, 1887
"The old Waterman smelter, now owned by Mr. Pascoe, has been remodeled and is now both a smelter and concentrator, having good machinery, well adapted for working ores. It is expected to soon be in full operation, and its owners will have a bonanza in the old slag dump, which being placed there in the days of slovenly work, contains much silver and lead, as well as excellent fluxing iron." (Salt Lake Tribune, May 22, 1887)
(The above items from May 1887 were the last references to the Waterman smelter or mill in available online newspapers.)
Bingham Smelters
Buel & Bateman (1870-1872)
(David E. Buel and Issac C. Bateman) (or Colonel E. D. Buel)
(The Buel & Bateman smelter was on the same site as their Buel & Bateman mine in Galena Gulch, Bingham Canyon. The mine was located just down-canyon from the West Jordan claim on which the Jordan and Old Jordan mines were located.)
The first smelter in Utah "was by the Utah Smelting company and was erected in Bingham, its stacks being blown in first on September 20, 1870." "The old site of this smelter and the mine from which its ores were taken are now the property of the Niagara Mining and Smelting company, and remains of the old slag dump are still apparent to the passer-by." (Salt Lake Tribune, July 22, 1897; describing a float for the Pioneer Day parade that depicted the first smelter in the state.) (The original source shows 1860 as the date; likely a typographical error for 1870.)
Utah smelter operated from 1871 to 1873. (Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Our Pioneer Heritage, Vol. 7, p.90)
Steve Richardson wrote about the Utah Smelter as part of Hickman family history.
Built by British investors, the Utah Smelter operated from 1871 to 1873. Though it was the first smelter in Bingham Canyon, where it was built because of its proximity to a steady supply of ore, it was far from a supply of fuel, which it consumed in great quantities, and the process of smelting was not perfected enough to prevent great losses of metal values into the slag and the air surrounding the smelter, meaning it suffered considerable financial losses during the brief period it operated. This smelter was built in Galena Gulch, near the Jordan Mine. Two other smelters were built in Bingham Canyon. They were the Winamuck, 1871 to 1875, and the Yampa, 1901 to 1909. Both of them were built in Bingham City near the railroad depot.
"Other mines in this area were located and worked, among them the Neptune, Kempton, Wall Street, and the Damn Fool. The Utah mine was located by soldiers from Camp Douglas and the 1871 owners, Buel and Bateman, built a nearby smelter. This mine was sold to an English Company at a price said to have been in the neighborhood of $450,000. In 1879 T. R. Jones, a banker of Salt Lake City, purchased the property." (Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Our Pioneer Heritage, Vol. 7, p.89)
April 22, 1871
"Buel and Bateman's furnace started in Bingham canyon last Saturday (April 22, 1871), and bids fair to do a first-class business in the future. It is run with charcoal shipped from Truckee, Cal." (Salt Lake Tribune, April 25, 1871)
April 28, 1871
"Bullion Coming In. - Bullion was arriving yesterday afternoon from the Bateman & Buel smelting works, Bingham canyon, and being stacked up in front of the company's office. These works are now running steadily and turning out a fine quality of bullion." (Salt Lake Herald, April 28, 1871)
May 2, 1871
"Buel & Bateman's furnace in Bingham canyon is running regularly and turning out six tons of bullion daily. Their works at Little Cottonwood will start today. The last named works have been standing still for some time past for the want of ore, which the snows and bad weather have prevented the miners from getting on their dumps." (Salt Lake Tribune, May 2, 1871)
May 13, 1871
"Buel & Bateman's furnace at Bingham smelts about twenty-two tons of ore per day, using twenty-seven and a half bushels of charcoal to smelt one tons of ore, the same costing thirty-seven and a half cents per bushel delivered at the furnace. Messrs. Wilson & Taggart are duplicating these works at another point in this canyon. The three furnaces on the State Road south of this city they found idle; also Robins and Co.'s expensive works at Little Cottonwood." (Salt Lake Tribune, May 13, 1871, citing a trip made on May 10th by Messrs. Hefferman and Coff of Corinne.)
May 6, 1871
Mr. Bateman sold his interest in his mine to the newly organized Utah Silver Mining Company (Limited), in exchange for a certain number of shares in the new company. On or about March 3, 1973, Issac Bateman (of Buel & Bateman) was elected as president of the Utah Silver Mining Company (Limited). (Salt Lake Tribune, July 22, 1871; March 3, 1873)
January 23, 1872
"The Buel and Bateman furnace has been shut down indefinitely, for reasons best known to the parties interested therein." (Corinne Daily Reporter, January 23, 1872)
February 17, 1872
"Salt Lake Iron Works -- About fifty hundred (5000) pounds of castings were turned out at these works Thursday afternoon for the Utah Central Milling Company. This is the English company that bought out Buel & Bateman's works and mines at Bingham. The castings are mainly for three furnaces, which the company are erecting at Sandy station." (Salt Lake Tribune, February 17, 1872)
(Read more about the Buel & Bateman smelter—compiled by Treasure House Relics)
Yampa (1903-1910)
Billings wrote, "The Yampa smelter, located on the west slope of the main canyon below the town of Bingham, started operations in the early part of 1904, producing a copper matte which was shipped to one of the Salt Lake Valley smelters for converting into slab copper preparatory for refining."
In 1903 the Copper Belt railroad built spurs and extensions to get the ore traffic of other mining companies in the canyon. The new construction included a spur to Boston Consolidated mine and the Yampa Consolidated mine, both in Carr Fork, along with another spur to the Yampa Consolidated's smelter. (1909 Bingham Commercial Club Souvenir booklet)
The Yampa Consolidated Mining Co., had been organized in April 1901 as a consolidation of Yampa mine and seven other properties, all located on the north slope of Carr Fork. (Economic Geology of the Bingham Mining District, USGS Professional Paper No. 38, 1905, page 382)
The Yampa smelter was completed in December 1903 and was located on the north slope of the canyon, about a quarter mile below Rio Grande Western's Bingham station. (Economic Geology of the Bingham Mining District, USGS Professional Paper No. 38, 1905, page 302)
The spur to the Yampa smelter crossed the canyon just above the Bingham station and continued along the north slope of Bingham Canyon to the smelter.
The ore from the Yampa mine to the Yampa smelter was to be loaded on the Copper Belt's spur to the Boston Consolidated company. The new Copper Belt spur for Boston Consolidated was built after the mining company signed a two-year smelting contract to supply the Bingham Consolidated smelter in Midvale with 200 tons of ore per day. By October 1903, Boston Con was shipping as much as 500 tons per day from the Carr Fork mine. The mine was shipping 4,000 tons by February 1904. (Economic Geology of the Bingham Mining District, USGS Professional Paper No. 38, 1905, page 381)
Considering that the average rail car at this time had a 30-ton capacity, 500 tons per day would have been about 16 carloads per day, and 4,000 tons per month would have been a total of about 133 cars per month, or just four carloads per day, averaged out over the month. This ore was all moving over the Copper Belt line to Bingham, then by RGW to Midvale.
The Yampa smelter started operating in December 1903, and closed August 1910 due to high costs and low profits.
(Read more about the Yampa mine and smelter)
Winnamuck (1871-1875)
(Also known as the Bristol & Daggett mine and furnace.)
The company was first organized as the Winnamuck Silver Mining Company. (London Times, June 19, 1873)
The Seventh Annual Report of the Statistics of Mines and Mining in the United States, prepared in 1875 for the 43rd Congress, pages 409-414, stated that the Winnamuck smelter used many ground-breaking processes in the treatment of lead-silver-zinc ore in Utah. Alfred Wartenweiler was the metallurgist at the Winnamuck and introduced the matte-roasting process to Utah. The 1875 report summarized the findings that the smelting processes used were successful for the earliest types of ore, but as different ore was encountered lower in the mine, it became difficult to process the ore unless ore with different metallurgy from other mines was purchased, or the mines themselves purchased. The greatest difficulty was obtaining coke of sufficient quality to be used as fuel during the smelting process. The best coke had to be shipped in from Pennsylvania, which increased to overall costs and made the operation unprofitable.
Early in the fall of [1870] the first really efficient and practical development of the mines of this district was commenced by Messrs. Bristol & Daggett on the Spanish and Winnamuck mines. ("Economic Geology of the Bingham Mining District, Utah", USGS Professional Paper 38, 1905, page 84)
April 19, 1871
"Messrs. Daggett [Taggart] and Bristol are clearing off the ground and excavating for the foundation of a large smelting works at the base of the mountain below their shaft on the Winnamuck Lode. They have traced this mineral vein to the depth of 318 feet, with what results your correspondent is not informed for Messrs. D. and B. are reticent." "April 17, 1871" (Salt Lake Tribune, April 19, 1871)
(William B. Bristol, Bingham Canyon, and Ellsworth Daggett, Omaha)
June 5, 1871
"Bingham Canon, June 5th, 1871. - The Winnamuck Smelting Works commence operations to-day." (Salt Lake Herald, June 7, 1871) (Daughters of Utah Pioneers, Our Pioneer Heritage, Vol. 7, p.90, shows that the Winnamuck smelter was built in Autumn 1871.)
April 1, 1872
"The Winnamuck Smelting Works are in successful operation. One of these furnaces has been in running since the first of April, turning out an average five ton of bullion per day, the assay value of which is 520 oz. silver per ton bullion. I understand the company intend starting their other furnace in a few days." (Utah Mining Gazette, April 13, 1872)
July 11, 1873
"Winnamuck Mine, Ellsworth Daggett, superintendent. This is the most extensively developed mine in Utah. The shafts, inclines, tunnels, drifts and levels, that have been run on the mine, amounting in the aggregate to over three thousand feet. the property was incorporated in London for two millions. Most of the stock is held in Holland. One of the largest smelters in the Territory is built at the mine. A tramway, about one hundred feet in length, runs from the mouth of the tunnel to the smelter below. The ores of this mine, owing to the facilities which they have for working them, can be reduced at a less expense than those of any other mine in the Territory. The works are now reducing about 500 tons per month. The Superintendent has commenced the publication of a series of interesting articles to the Engineering and Mining Journal, on the "Economical results of smelting in Utah." We would commend their perusal to some of our Utah smelters." (Salt Lake Herald, July 11, 1873)
December 6, 1873
"The Bingham Canyon narrow gauge railroad now being completed as far as its terminus, near the Winnamuck smelter,..." (Utah Mining Gazette, December 6, 1873)
April 16, 1874
Morris & Evans, contractors, were building a reverberatory furnace for the Winnamuck company at Bingham. The same company was set to build a similar reverberatory furnace for the Sheridan Hill company at West Jordan. (Deseret Evening news, April 16, 1874)
January 22, 1875
It was reported that the smelter, with over 500 tons of ore on hand, had been shut down due to difficulty in obtaining coal and coke. (Salt Lake Herald, January 22, 1875)
(Read more about the Winnamuck mill, which became the terminus of the railroad in Bingham)
Midvale Smelters
(Read more about the smelters at Midvale)
Murray Smelters
(Read more about the smelters at Murray)
Sandy Smelters
(Read more about the Sandy Smelters)
Garfield Smelters
(Read more about the smelters at Garfield)
More Information
"The Development of the Smelting Industry in the Central Salt Lake Valley Communities of Midvale, Murray, and Sandy Prior to 1900" by Charles E. Hughes, Brigham Young University, 1990
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